nips/01.md

NIP-01
======

Nostr Protocol
--------------

`draft` `mandatory`

This NIP defines the mandatory part of the Nostr protocol. New NIPs may add new optional (or mandatory) fields, messages, and features to the structures and flows described here.

# Events

Event is the only object type available. It is a hashed and signed payload in the following format:

```json
{
  "id": <32-byte lowercase hex-encoded sha256 of the serialized event data>,
  "pubkey": <32-byte lowercase hex-encoded public key used to sign>,
  "created_at": <unix timestamp in seconds>,
  "kind": <integer between 0 and 65535>,
  "tags": [
    [<tag1-name>, <tag1-value>, ...],
    [<tag2-name>, <tag2-value>, ...],
    ...
  ],
  "content": <arbitrary string>,
  "sig": <64-byte lowercase hex of the signature of the id>
}
```

Each user has a keypair and is identified by their public key. 

## Signing

Signatures and encodings are done according to the [Schnorr signatures standard for the curve `secp256k1`](https://bips.xyz/340).

To obtain the hash `.id`, we `sha256` the UTF-8 byte array of a JSON-serialized string in the following structure:

```
[
  0,
  <pubkey, as a lowercase hex string>,
  <created_at, as a number>,
  <kind, as a number>,
  <tags, as an array of arrays of non-null strings>,
  <content, as a string>
]
```

The JSON serialization MUST follow these rules: 
- Minified: No whitespace, line breaks, or other unnecessary formatting used
- Escape Set: ONLY the following characters MUST be escaped:
  - line break: `0x0A` to `\n`
  - double quote: `0x22` to `\"`
  - backslash: `0x5C` to `\\`
  - carriage return: `0x0D` to `\r`
  - tab character: `0x09` to `\t`
  - backspace: `0x08` to `\b`
  - form feed: `0x0C` to `\f`

## Verifying

To verify an event: 
1. Recalculate the hash and check against the `.id`
2. Verify if the signature is valid for the `.id`. 

## Kinds

The `.kind` property specifies the meaning of an event, its tags and it is further defined in the various NIPs in this repository

Specific ranges define storage behaviors: 

| Name          | Range                             | SHOULD retain                                          |
| ------------- | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ |
| Regular       | ` 1000 <= kind < 10000`           | All events                                             |
| Replaceable   | `10000 <= kind < 20000` OR `0, 3` | The newest event for each `pubkey` and `kind`          |
| Ephemeral     | `20000 <= kind < 30000`           | Nothing                                                |
| Parameterized | `30000 <= kind < 40000`           | The newest event for each `pubkey`, `kind` and `d`-tag |

In case of replaceable events with the same timestamp, the event with the lowest `.id` (first in lexical order) SHOULD be retained. Older versions MAY be kept but SHOULD not be returned on queries.

This NIP defines two kinds:

- `kind:0`: **User Metadata**: An event kind to add name and other information to the pubkey. The `content` is set to a stringified JSON object `{name: <user's name, string>, about: <string>, picture: <url, string>}`
- `kind:1`: **Text Note**: An event kind to transfer **plaintext** content in it's `.content` property. Markup language such as markdown and HTML SHOULD not be used. 

## Tags

Each tag is an array of strings of arbitrary size. Their meaning is determined by the event `.kind`. Tags with the same name might have entirely different meanings in different kinds. 

The first element of the tag array is referred to as the tag _name_ and the second as the tag _value_. All elements after the second do not have a conventional name.

All single-letter (only English alphabet letters: a-z, A-Z) key tags are indexed by relays for faster queries. 

This NIP defines the format of 3 standard tags: `e`, `p`, and `a`. `e`, `p` can be used to reference events and pubkeys, and `a` references the latest version of a replaceable event, parameterized or not.  

| Name | Value                                                      | Other Params             | 
| ---- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------ | 
| `e`  | `<32-byte lowercase hex of an event id>`                   | `<relay URL, optional>` | 
| `p`  | `<32-byte lowercase hex of a pubkey>`                      | `<relay URL, optional>` | 
| `a`  | `<kind>:<32-byte lowercase hex of a pubkey>:`              | `<relay URL, optional>` |
| `a`  | `<kind>:<32-byte lowercase hex of a pubkey>:<d-tag value>` | `<relay URL, optional>` |

# Relay Protocol

Nostr has two main components: Clients & Relays. Users run a client to fetch/subscribe to events from one or more Relays via WebSockets. 

Relays are not expected to communicate with one another. It's  the Client's responsibility to discover which relay has the event set their user wants to see. 

Both sides SHOULD verify the hash and the signature of each event upon receipt. 

Clients SHOULD open a single WebSocket connection to each relay and use it for all their subscriptions. Relays MAY limit the number of connections from specific IP/client/etc. 

All messages are defined as JSON arrays, where the first item determines the message type.  

## Subscriptions

Clients send a **subscription** message with one or more filters. The Relay MUST query its database, return all events that match the filter, and keep applying the filter to all connections, returning new events as they arrive. 

Subscriptions stay indefinitely open until either side closes the subscription or the connection. 

### Subscription Requests

To open, update, and close subscriptions, Clients MUST use the following formats: 
  * `["REQ", <subscription_id>, <filter1>, <filter2>, ...]`, used to request events and subscribe to new updates.
  * `["CLOSE", <subscription_id>]`, used to stop previous subscriptions.

`<subscription_id>` is a non-empty string with a maximum length of 64 chars. Relays MUST manage `<subscription_id>`s independently for each WebSocket connection. `<subscription_id>`s are not globally unique. A `REQ` message on an existing subscription overrides the previous subscription.

`<filterX>` is a JSON object that determines what events will be sent in that subscription, it can have the following attributes:

```json
{
  "ids": [<id1>, <id2>, ...],
  "authors": [<pubkey1>, <pubkey2>, ...],
  "kinds": [<kind1>, <kind2>, ...],
  "#<tag-key1 (single-letter a-zA-Z)>": [<tag value1>, <tag value2>, ...], 
  "#<tag-key2 (single-letter a-zA-Z)>": [<tag value1>, <tag value2>, ...], 
  "since": <an integer unix timestamp in seconds, events must be newer than this to pass>,
  "until": <an integer unix timestamp in seconds, events must be older than this to pass>,
  "limit": <maximum number of events to return, sorted by created_at>
}
```

A `REQ` message may contain multiple filters which are interpreted as an OR statement: events that match any of the filters are to be returned.

Properties in each filter are a logical AND statement: all present properties must match for the filter to pass. 

Array properties (i.e., `ids`, `authors`, `kinds`, and tag filters) represent a logical OR statement. At least one of the arrays' values must match the respective field in the event to be considered a match. In the case of tag attributes such as `#e`, for which an event may have multiple values, the event and filter condition values must have at least one item in common.

The `ids`, `authors`, `#e`, and `#p` filter lists MUST contain exact 64-character lowercase hex values.

The `since` and `until` properties are used to specify the time range of events returned in the subscription. An event matches the filter if `since <= created_at <= until` holds.

The `limit` property operates over the stored events and is ignored afterward. 

### Receiving Events

Relays send 3 types of messages during a subscription:  

  * `["EVENT", <subscription_id>, <JSON-serialized string of the event>]`, used to send events requested by clients.
  * `["EOSE", <subscription_id>]`, used to indicate the _end of stored events_ and the beginning of events newly received in real-time.
  * `["CLOSED", <subscription_id>, <message>]`, used to indicate that a subscription was ended on the server side.

All messages MUST be sent with the `subscription_id` initiated by the client (using the `REQ` message above).

`CLOSED` messages MUST be sent in response to a `REQ` when the relay refuses to fulfill it. It can also be sent when a relay decides to kill a subscription on its side before a client has disconnected or sent a `CLOSE`. The message MUST be a string formed by a machine-readable single-word prefix followed by a `:` and then a human-readable message.

## Publishing

To send an event to the Relay, Clients send a broadcast message in the format: 

  * `["EVENT", <JSON-serialized string of the event>]`

Relays reply with an ACK message in the format of: 

  * `["OK", <event_id>, <accepted:true|false>, <message>]`, used to indicate acceptance (true) or denial (false) of an `EVENT`.

`OK` messages MUST be sent in response to `EVENT` messages received from clients, they must have the 3rd parameter set to `true` when an event has been accepted by the relay, `false` otherwise. The 4th parameter MUST always be present, but MAY be an empty string when the 3rd is `true`. 

If present, the message MUST be a string formed by a machine-readable single-word prefix followed by a `:` and then a human-readable message. 

## Notices

Notices are warnings that might help explain or debug the behavior of a given relay or filter. 

  * `["NOTICE", <message>]`, used to send human-readable error messages or other things to clients.

## Error Codes

The standardized machine-readable prefixes for `OK` and `CLOSED` are: `duplicate`, `pow`, `blocked`, `rate-limited`, `invalid`, and `error` for when none of that fits.

Some examples:
  * `["OK", "b1a649ebe8...", true, ""]`
  * `["OK", "b1a649ebe8...", true, "pow: difficulty 25>=24"]`
  * `["OK", "b1a649ebe8...", true, "duplicate: already have this event"]`
  * `["OK", "b1a649ebe8...", false, "blocked: you are banned from posting here"]`
  * `["OK", "b1a649ebe8...", false, "blocked: please register your pubkey at https://my-expensive-relay.example.com"]`
  * `["OK", "b1a649ebe8...", false, "rate-limited: slow down there, chief"]`
  * `["OK", "b1a649ebe8...", false, "invalid: event creation date is too far off from the current time"]`
  * `["OK", "b1a649ebe8...", false, "pow: difficulty 26 is less than 30"]`
  * `["OK", "b1a649ebe8...", false, "error: could not connect to the database"]`
  * `["CLOSED", "sub1", "duplicate: sub1 already opened"]`
  * `["CLOSED", "sub1", "unsupported: filter contains unknown elements"]`
  * `["CLOSED", "sub1", "error: could not connect to the database"]`
  * `["CLOSED", "sub1", "error: shutting down idle subscription"]`